Section A: Petroleum--What Is It? (pp 176- 191)
1)
Definitions (Look 'Em Up Yourself)
2)
a) Wester Europe has the least while the Middle East has the greatest petroleum reserves. b) N. America, Europe, and Asia consume more petroleum than the posssess, while S. America, Africa, and the Middle East possess more petroelum than they consume. c) Regions that consume more petroleum than the possess are likley importers while exporters will countried that possess more than they consume. (See answer b.)
3)
a) There are two substances (two flat portions) in the mixture. b) The substances are acetone and 2-propanol. c) 2-propanol and cyclohexane would be the most difficult to separate due to their close boiling pts. d) Water has the highest intermolecular attractions since it has the highest boiling point. Acetone would have the lowest intermolecular attractions.
4)
Fractioning Tower Temperature (oC)
# of Carbons
Uses of Hydrocarbons
Less than 40
1 - 4
Gases for Fuel, Petrochemicals, Starting Material for Plastics, Gasoline Additives 40 - 200
5 - 12
Heating Fuel, Gasoline, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Petrochemicals 200 - 370
12 - 20
Gasoline, Solvents, Kerosene, Fuel Oil, Diesel Fuel, Cracking Stock, Wax Greater than 370
More than 20
Lubricating Oil, Fuel Oil, Petroleum Jelly, Asphalt The first fraction (1 - 4 Carbons) has the lowest intermolecular attractions. The last fraction (>20 Carbons) has the highest intermolecular attractions.
5)
Electron Dot Formula
Structural Formula
a) Propane
b) Butane
6)
Section
B: Petroleum As An Energy Source (pp
195 - 239)
1) Definitions - Look
'Em Up Yourself
2)
a) Exothermic: N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 + Energy
Endothermic: Energy + H2O (s) Endothermic: Energy + NH4Cl Exothermic: CH4 + 2 O2 b) Heat = 4.18 J/(g oC) x 40 g x (50 - 25 oC) = 4180 J c) 1,130,000 J = 4.18 J/(g oC) x (X g) x 80. oC X g = 3400 J
3)
a) 4.7 gal b)
$ 9.14 c) 1760 miles d) 0.34 yrs e)
$ 18.75
4)
a)
C3H8 + 5 O2 b)
2 C6H14 + 19 O2 c)
3 moles x 2220 KJ / 1 mole = 6660 KJ
5)
a) 75.0 g b) 32.3 oC c) 10,100 J d) 0.21 g e) 48,200 J/g f) 48.2 KJ / mol g) 17,000 KJ/mol
6)
Octane ratings in gasoline can be increased by adding tetraethyl lead, using oxygenated buels, or using more branched-chain hydrocarbons.
Section C: Petroleum As A Building Source (pp 216 - 229)
1) Definitions (Look 'Em Up Yourself)
2) Refer to the diagrams on page 217.
3)
Loose, Unorganized Flexible and Ductile | Branched Less Ductile |
Cross-Linked Rigid | Branched
and Cross-linked Less Rigid and Less Ductile |
Alligned Strong, Flexible, and Ductile | Alligned
and Cross-linked Strong and Rigid |
4)
Alkyne
Ester
Alkane
Carboxylic Acid
Cycloalkane
Aromatic
Alkane
Alcohol
Alkene
5)
 | + |  |  |  | + | H2O |
Section D: Designing for Properties (pp 153 - 169)
1) Definitions (Look 'Em Up Yourself)
2)
| a) | Biomass (wood) was the type of fuel consumed before 1875. |
| b) | Use of coal increased dramatically from 1875 - 1925. |
| c) | Petroleum was used primarily after the 1950s. |
| d) | Nuclear power is not a major energy source (~ 10%) currently. |
3) Compressed natural gas, electricity, hydrogen, and synthetic fuels can power automobiles.