Section A: Why We Use What We Do (pp 94 - 111)
Definitions
(Look 'Em Up Yourself)
1)
Copper
Conducts Electricity P Oxygen
Supporting Combustion C Iron
Rusts C
Platinum's Unreactivity
C Low
Density of Aluminum P Gold's
Malleability P
2)
Element
Hydrogen
Lithium
Nitrogen
Neon
Sulfur
Chlorine
Potassium
Symbol
H
Li
N
Ne
S
Cl
K
Meta, Nonmetal, Metalloid
NM
M
NM
NM
NM
NM
M
Atomic #
1
3
7
10
16
17
39
Atomic Mass
1
7
14
20
32
35.5
39
Group #
1
1
5
8
6
7
1
Period #
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
3)
Conducts Electricity
M
Often Forms Gases
NM
Reacts with Acid
M
Forms Anions (-)
NM
Shiny Appearance
M
Forms Cations (+)
M
Often Forms Solids
M
Brittle
NM
4)
Name
Symbol
Atomic #
Atomic Mass
Name
Symbol
Atomic #
Atomic Mass
Hydrogen
H
1
1
Neon
Ne
10
20
Helium
He
2
4
Oxygen
O
8
16
Lithium
Li
3
7
Sulfur
S
16
32
5)
| CaF2 | CaO | Na3P | NaI |
Al2S3 |
| Aluminum | Magnesium |
Chlorine |
| Boron (B) | Beryllium (Be) | Fluroine (F) |
| Gallium (Ga) | Calcium (Ca) | Bromine (Br) |
| Indium (In) | Strontium (Sr) | Iodine (I) |
Section B: Earth's Mineral Resources (pp 112 - 127)
Definitions - Look 'Em Up Yourself
1)
| a) | The hydrosphere contains water, sodium chloride, magnesium, sulfur, caldium, and other ions. |
| b) | The liithosphere contains silicates, aluminum, sodium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, fossil fuels, carbonates, oxides, and sulfides. |
2)
| a) | Sodium (Na) is the most reactive metal because it reacts with more solutions than the other metals. |
| b) | Lead (Pb) is the least reactive metal becuase it doesn't react with any of the given solutions. |
| c) | No reaction will occur because the table indicates that lead doesn't react with Mg 2+ ions. |
| d) | A reaction will occur because the table indicates that magnesium reacts with Pb 2+ ions. |
3)
| a) | Lithium is the most active metal while gold is the least active metal on the table. |
| b) | A reaction would occur because aluminum is more active than lead. |
| c) | No reaction owuld occur because copper is less active than sodium |
4)
| Name | Helium | Lithium | Oxide | Aluminum | Magnesium | Chloride |
| Symbol | He | Li + | O 2- | Al 3+ |
Mg |
Cl - |
| Anion, Cation, or Atom | Atom | Cation | Anion | Cation | Atom | Anion |
| # Protons | 2 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 17 |
| # Electrons | 2 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 18 |
5)
| a) | Ca is oxidized -- loses electrons | Al is reduced -- gains electrons | Na is reduced -- gains electrons | Cl - is oxidized -- loses electrons |
| b) | Copper is reduced and zinc is oxidized. | Calcium is reduced and chromium is oxidized. | Silver is reduced and iron is oxidized. | |
| c) | Copper is the oxidizing agent and zinc is the reducing agent. | Callcium is the oxidizing agent and chromium is the reducing agent | Silver is the oxidizing agent and iron is the reducing agent. |
Section C: Conservation
(pp 138 - 152)
Definitions (Look 'Em Up Yourself)
1)
| a) | 2 HBr + Mg |
| (i) The reactants and the products contain 2 H, 2 Br, and 1 Mg atom. | |
(ii)  | |
| (iii) Two HCl molecules react with an Mg atom to from a molecule of MgBr2 and H2. | |
| b) | P4
+ 3 O2 |
| (i) The reactants and the products contain 4 P and 6 O atoms | |
(ii) | |
| (iii) Three molecules of O2 react with one molecule of P4 to one molecule of P4O6. | |
| c) | CH4
+ 2 O2 |
| (i) The reactans and the products contain 1 C, 4 H, and 4 O atoms. | |
(ii) | |
| (iii) Two molecules of O2 react with one molecule of CH4 to make one molecule of CO2 and two molecules of H2O. |
2)
| a) | 8 H2 + S8 
8 H2S |
| b) | Al + 3 H2SO4
Al(SO4)3
+ 3 H2 |
| c) | Ca + 2
H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2 |
| d) | 2
C3H6 + 9 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O |
3)
| a) | CO = 12 + 16 = 28 g/mol | b) | CaCO3 = 100 g/mol | c) | C6H6O = 94 g/mol |
4)
| a) | 12 g / 28 g x 100% = 43 % | b) | 12 g / 100 g x 100 % = 12 % | c) | 72 g / 94 g x 100 % = 77 % |
5)
| Renewable |
Nonrenewable |
| Plant and Animal Products | Metals |
| Water | Gems and Precious Stones |
|
|
Fossil Fuels (Oil, Gasoline, etc.) |
6) What is the largest source of waste before recycling? after recycling?
Ans. Paper is the largest source of waste both before and after recylcing.
What is the second largest source of waste before recycling? after recycling?
Ans. Yard waste is the second largest source of waste after recycling. Food waste is the second largest source of waste after recycling.
What kind of waste was most reduced by recycling?
Ans. Paper is the most reduced (from 38.6 % to 31.3 %) by recycling.
Section D: Designing for Properties (pp 153 - 169)
Definitions (Look 'Em Up Yourself)